Examine the ways Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay

Examine the ways Sir Arthur Conan Doyle adds a sense of mystery and suspense to the typical detective story in the sign of four. (Write about the mysterious nature of the plot. The exotic nature of the settings, the variety of personalities involved in the story on both major and minor level. The personalities of Holmes and Watson. The way late Victorian society and its attitudes are depicted. Your own response to the book. ) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle starts the mystery off in the book straight away by just naming the book â€Å"The Sign of Four†, this encourages the reader to open and start reading the book. He creates suspense in the book by not including us in the crime in the first chapter, which differs from the normal detective story; he chooses to settle you in to the story by introducing you to the characters in the story. We find out that many people respect Holmes. â€Å"Mr. Sherlock Holmes-† he began; but the words seem to have a magical effect, for the window instantly slammed shut, and within a minute the door was open. And â€Å"A friend of Sherlock Holmes is always welcome,† When the author does enter Holmes and Watson in to the crime; he creates suspense by constantly solving bits of the puzzle, and introducing new problems. This also keeps the reader interested in the novel. Doyle indulges us in the novel by letting us see the story unfold from Watson’s view; this doesn’t let us know what Holmes is thinking, and keeps us guessing, â€Å"Have u read your Jean-Paul. † This again differs from the typical detective novel, thus increasing the suspense. Another way Doyle adds mystery to the book is the way he leaves the end of chapters at cliffhangers The little man obeyed in a half-stupefied fashion, and we heard him stumbling down the stairs in the dark. The typical â€Å"Who done it? Is not present in the â€Å"Sign of four† adding mystery around the crime. The reader finds out who committed the crime half way through the novel, differing from the normal rounding up of suspects in to one room and explaining the motive, chain of events and finally the guilty party. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle differs from the norm with a very relaxed detective, Sherlock Holmes and I blankly looked at each other and then burst simultaneously into an uncontrollably fit of laughter. When they do find the right trail, they find that the criminals are intelligent. â€Å"We are out of luck,† said Holmes. â€Å"They have taken a boat here. † Suspense is increased at this point, as the women knew that a man with a wooden leg came and hired a boat late at night. â€Å"I don’t like that wooden legged man,† In the first chapter the author establishes a social hierarchy; this differs from the social hierarchy of today. In the 19th Century the rich gentleman (non-working) were considered higher in status and intelligence than doctors or teachers which today would be considered higher in society than the gentleman. This attitude is reflected in Sherlock Holmes. He is a â€Å"gentleman† that is egotistical, misogynist and vain, yet he is always right. His knowledge is referred to at the start of the book when he is casually taking drugs. Again differing from the typical detective novel as usually you would not associate the hero, with being a drug taker showing differences in 19th century society to nowadays. He smiled at my vehemence. â€Å"Perhaps you are right, Watson,† As u can see Holmes is condescending Watson in the previous quote, showing the difference in society, as we would probably listen to a doctor if he told us something was bad. His intelligence shows again when he produces a likely (correct) storyline. The most obvious difference in society from the 19th century is that the language has changed, sentences are said in different orders and words have â€Å"evolved† (e. g. from thus to that). Watson is put in the Sherlock Holmes mysteries so the reader can relate to someone in the book. The reader relates to Watson because he finds out clues or puzzles the same time we do, he also finds out what Holmes is thinking when we do because Doyle chose to have a narrator involved in the story. This allows us to relate well. Watson is a very clever person making the reader relate even better as many people would not think of themselves as stupid. Watson has a personality which is a very calm, respectful, caring and modest. He never questions Holmes but is always mindful of what he is doing and obviously shows great respect for him: â€Å"He did not seem offended. On the contrary, he put his fingers together, leaned forward on his chair like one who relishes conversation. † Miss Morstan is the typical 19th Century Woman. Very frail, â€Å"angelic† woman needed to be protected by a strong man (Watson). Nowadays we would not see women as â€Å"frail† or â€Å"angelic† they are presumed competent to look after them selves. Doyle having lived in the 19th Century does not hold that opinion of women although unusually places a women at the center of the story. She, having lived in a boarding school since she was seventeen sees Watson as a â€Å"Father† figure and her feelings towards him grow stronger, and they eventually marry at the end of the book. The other characters of this story include Thaddeus Sholto, Athenly Jones and Jonathon Small. Thaddeus Sholto is a bizarre looking, bald man. He is often nervous as he has bodyguards who surprisingly are Indian. When he is first introduced in to the story he is wearing Indian clothing and smokes from a â€Å"Hookah,† his house is decorated in a typically Indian manner, he is a stereotypical hypochondriac and trusts no-one. Many 19th Century people thought that it was the best gift to be English, and people who chose to be or act a different way were considered to be mad. We nowadays would not think of foreigners as crazy unless we had met them, and got to know them well, this is associated with physiognomy, as people in the 19th Century firmly believed that they could tell if someone was bad by their facial features. He also has a great sense of moral value and respect. Athenly Jones is normally one of the people who deals with the more trivial cases in the world and only crosses paths with Holmes when he is perplexed. â€Å"When Gregson, Lestrade or Jones are out of their depths, the matter is laid before me. † When they first encounter each other Jones has a hint of envy in his voice. â€Å"You lectured us on the Bishopgate Jewell case. † He is obviously a man who does not like to be bettered and does not appear to have the same amount of respect and awe around Sherlock Holmes. We are told that Jonathon Small is, â€Å"A poorly educated man, small, active, with his right leg off, and he wears a wooden stump. † And â€Å"He is middle aged, sunburnt, and an ex-convict. † This quote in the 19th Century due to there attitudes on Physiognomy would make the readers think that he was a man to be wary of, and not trust. In the book Small is represented in a resentful, unkind manner; and is portrayed as a man who has led a hard and tiring life only wanting justification for his life, receiving what is rightfully his. Going back to the Physiognomy theory a controversial book was published in 1869 called â€Å"The Origin of the Species. † It followed the widely accepted theory of physiognomy. It made people believe that black people or â€Å"savages† were less evolutionally developed than they were. So Smalls’ accomplice from the Andaman Islands was viewed as a â€Å"savage† as well as being part of the smallest (height-wise) race on the earth. Being that they were â€Å"fierce, morose intractable people, with distorted features. † However this view was wrong and when you became loyal friends, they were loyal back. In the 19th Century many children did not attend school, either through poverty or they’re parents did not want them to go. They were left wandering the streets earning cheap money by doing errands. Sherlock Holmes refers to them as, â€Å"His dirty little Lieutenants. † He refers to them when he and Watson are hot on the trail of the Small and his accomplish. I enjoyed this book as it differs greatly from the normal detective novels creating suspense, mystery and anxiety. The way Sir Arthur Conan Doyle structured this book was very well done and deserves great praise, it kept me interested all the way through and surprised me one or two times as well. This after all did not conform to my original preconceptions of the book.

Display designers Essay

Display designers design and decorate displays in stores and other public places. They sketch designs or use a computer to produce plans. They also source or make, the furniture and props for the display. Some work as visual merchandisers, arranging products according to company display policy. The display designer is responsible for interpreting the ‘look’ of the store. Sometimes, this look is determined by head office, so that every store in the country (and often those overseas) presents an identical image. In this case, the designer will probably work as part of a display team, which includes fashion designers and graphic artists, designing the overall corporate image. A related role within retail display is that of the visual merchandiser. Visual merchandisers do not have the same amount of creative flexibility as display designers. Rather, they arrange products in store according to a prescribed display policy. Visual merchandisers working in a hotel or business environment will put up displays that have been created for them by graphics or exhibition designers. Store displays are changed regularly and tend to be centred around the seasons of the year. For example, a fashion store might split the year into two halves, the first running from January to June, the second from July to Christmas. Each season might have three themes, so that the first half of the year is divided into ‘early spring’, ‘mid-spring/early summer’ and ‘high summer’ themes. Designs may also be influenced by particular events in the calendar such as Valentine’s Day or Christmas, or whether the store is running a particular promotion. Display designers may get ideas from films and shows or use big celebrations, such as the Millennium, as inspiration. Ideas can be based on popular stories, the use of colour and light, humour or the latest fashion trends. Planning starts months in advance. By April, most stores have already decided how they are going to dress their autumn displays. Display designers first study a profile of the store’s customers and decide what kind of displays would most reflect a customer’s lifestyle. Then, in liaison with store management and the buyers, they come up with ideas within a set budget. They sketch designs, or use computer-aided design and perhaps make models with colour swatches to show how the merchandise will be presented, making best use of the available space. Once the designs have been accepted, the display designer sets about sourcing materials. A display can be complex or minimalist, depending on current fashions or a display designer’s particular style. A summer display could involve building a garden scene, using deckchairs, parasols and decking. Other designs may involve a simple series of panels, or a blown up photograph used as a backdrop. A display designer will have to consider colours and fabrics, lighting, the shape and grouping of props, the type of flooring and dressing of mannequins. Props can usually be hired or bought from specialist companies, but most display designers have to make some props and for this they will need a range of skills, from painting to carpentry. Stores are increasingly moving into what is called ‘retail theatre’, where they create a complete visual experience for the customer within a themed area. Displays must also be maintained and display staff are responsible for making repairs and dismantling and cleaning the relevant areas between each design. They may also be responsible for organising advertising material and set design for events such as in-store fashion shows. The principles of retail design apply to other areas, including exhibition design, point-of-sale design, product promotion, museum display and set decoration for film and television. Work Environment Display staff spend most of their time indoors, working from an office or studio within the store. If they are based at a company’s headquarters they will travel to stores with a photo or sketch to help them complete the required displays. A great deal of time is spent on the shop floor or in shop windows, creating displays. This work involves a lot of walking around, climbing ladders, lifting and carrying, so wearing the right footwear is vital. Shop windows can also get very hot in summer. They may visit suppliers and contractors, and will make trips to other stores to see their displays. Job opportunities also exist within exhibitions, trade fairs, hotels, television and film studios (set dressing), airports, seaports and on board ship. This kind of work is more likely to involve staying away from home for one or more nights. Skills and Interests Someone considering a career in display must have an artistic streak, with plenty of creative flair. The ability to think three-dimensionally is important, as is having a natural eye for colour and composition. Display designers need imagination as well as the ability to translate other people’s ideas into eye-catching designs. It is important that they are up to date with all the latest design trends. They need the practical skills to work with a range of materials, from MDF board to fabric, and an appreciation of the principles of lighting design. IT and computer aided design skills (CAD) are important, as well as technical drawing skills. Budgeting skills can be useful for the more senior positions. Display designers and visual merchandisers usually work alone but, as the retail industry is characterised by team work, it is important to have strong interpersonal skills. The ability to communicate design ideas to others is essential, as is working to tight deadlines. Stamina is important for what can be a physically tiring job. A display associate who has completed a college course is likely to start in a junior position within a store display team. They carry out a range of tasks such as cleaning and preparing windows and in-store display areas, ready for dressing. They will also arrange displays and make and repair props, all under the supervision of a display manager. A new entrant is likely to be given a practical test where they may have to suggest approaches to a window display or dress mannequins. Some stores promote talented retail staff into display positions and offer them the opportunity to attend courses on a day release basis, although this route is now less common. Relevant full-time courses include the HND in Display Design offered by the Central College of Commerce, Glasgow. Subjects covered include 3-D design, lighting, CAD and designing A display designer generally works a 40-hour week, including Saturdays. Although the work is not restricted to nine-to-five, unsociable hours are rare. It may be necessary, however, to work late in order to finish a display, particularly before Christmas when weekend work may also be required.

Laurence Kotlikoff-Hyperinflation--Not Deflation Essay

Laurence Kotlikoff-Hyperinflation--Not Deflation - Essay Example The situation will set up a condition where the people have runs in various banks, for example in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The situation may spread to all the other banks in the different countries Germany and France all inclusive.He is giving the example that occurred in the recent past, where Cypriot banks failed and claimed that they will not bail off the depositors. Despite the country being small with relatively two small banks, the circumstance led to a main panic in the international state of the economy. He is projecting that a daisy sequence of defaults besides numerous bank runs might end up happening in Europe. Dr. Kotlokoff sees a case where the financial crisis may spread to America. He insists that if only the people will be solvent and get their money out from the banks then the situation could stabilized He further warns that, if the people or the investors are running to the banks, everybody will want to run to get the money out instead all perish due to failure. The professor goes ahead to say that, with the plunging of the oil prices, the Russian banks are also seemingly at a significant risk. Questions are posed regarding the sustainability of the fiscal policy of Russia given the dropping the prices of oil. There is evidence that about 40% of the Russian revenues come from the sales of oil. Therefore, there is a concern over the oil prices that may result in failure of the Russian banks as well. He points out to the failure of the Russian banks in 1998 holding that there were eminent concerns regarding the printing of huge amounts of the government money. It is clear from the clip that there are concerns about the demand deposit of insurance in the USA. The FDIC insurance of the United States is said not to be a real insurance given the case where almost everybody has apprehensions about inflation. He then gives an example that, if he knows that the prices of commodities are going

Single Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Single Parenting - Essay Example Parenthood has now taken a sharp turn and cases of children being brought up in single families have increased significantly. This has been as a result of divorce cases or children born out of wedlock. In other cases children are born by parents who are just cohabitating and are not legally married. Such children face a lot of challenges both at family level and society level. Such children are usually considered by societies to be illegitimate and thus highly condemnable. These children are therefore born with illegitimacy stigma and are therefore faced by several problems and negative altitudes. Thus, the school counselors should consider such children as a special group when dealing with them so that they can better address their problems (Katz, Dunham & Zimmerman, 1997). Research has revealed that there is a relationship between the changing family structures and children in respect to examination performance, the research shows that children who are brought up by both parents perform better are more resistant to peer pressure influence whereas students from single families... They also have a higher rate of dropping out of school as compared to those children brought up in a family structure consisting of both parents; they also have greater psychological and social problems. Variation of deviant behavior among the children from single families depends on what caused the single family structure. Studies have shown that those as a result of divorce are more likely to be more deviant as compared to the children raised in single families where one of the parents may have died or born of single mothers. The worst case of deviant behavior is when a child is raised by either a step mother or a step father who mistreat them in their early development stages. Such children develop very negative altitudes in life which often accompany them throughout their lives. While dealing with such children, the school teachers and counselors should consider their plight, so as to be able to assist them in an attempt to prevent them from engaging in deviant behavior (Shih, 20 08). Single parents are faced with numerous problems in raising their children, they sped a lot of energy and time in practicing parenting and yet their results usually have numerous shortcomings. With out help from the other spouse and society single parents try to raise their children effectively. However, monitoring discipline among their children is quite difficult since the burden is laid on one person who is also expected to provide for the entire family with all their needs. The children can therefore take advantage of their parents and engage in practices that are considered to be defiant. It might not be possible for the parent to monitor each child closely and therefore the children who have a propensity of misbehaving have an opportunity to do

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Essay Example Daisy is Nick's cousin, Tom's wife, and the woman that Gatsby loves. She had promised to wait for Jay Gatsby until the end of the war, but after meeting Tom Buchanan and comparing his extreme wealth to Gatsby's poverty, she broke her promise. Daisy uses her frailty as an excuse for her extreme immaturity. A brutal, hulking man, Tom Buchanan is a former Yale football player who, like Daisy, comes from an immensely wealthy Midwestern family. His racism and sexism are symptomatic of his deep insecurity about his elevated social position. Tom is a vicious bully, physically menacing both his wife and his mistress. He is a thoroughgoing hypocrite as well: though he condemns his wife for her infidelity, he has no qualms about carrying on an affair himself. Daisy's longtime friend, Jordan Baker is a professional golfer who cheated in order to win her first tournament. Jordan is extremely cynical, with a masculine, icy demeanor that Nick initially finds compelling. The two become briefly involved, but Jordan rejects him on the grounds that he is as corrupt and decadent as she is. An earthy, vital, and voluptuous woman, Myrtle is desperate to improve her life. She shares a loveless marriage with George Wilson, a man who runs a shabby garage.

Physics of racing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physics of racing - Research Paper Example 2). Several formulas will determine the calculations made in the research paper to determine several aspects of the mechanics involved in motorcar racing. Introduction The wide-ranging goal of the research paper is to put forward a new prospect on racing physics, comprehensible to the practically motivated non-specialist (Beckman, 2002, p. 6). There are a number of problems that are frequently regarded from a range of sources, capable of preventing quality results from determining the physics behind racing. Regularly, these issues are inclined by automated simulation, and they regularly come up from contest experiences. This research paper will also get extremely technical, attempting to balance a conceptual discourse that every individual ought to get to comprehend. Through an arithmetic analysis, the following paper may be of great interest just to physicists, and with numerical outcomes that might once more be available to all analysts worldwide. Weight transfer Balancing a vehicl e is directing weight transfer through the use of acceleration, brakes and piloting. Applying the brakes adjusts weight to the anterior part of the vehicle, enabling the driver to prompt over-steering of the vehicle. In a similar fashion, throttling adjusts the weight of the vehicle to the back of the vehicle, prompting under-steering and cornering adjusts weight to the reverse side, unpacking the interior part of the wheels (Beckman, 2002, p. 12). The reason behind this adjustment in the weight of the vehicle is that inertia acts via the center of gravity (CG) of the vehicle, which is on top of the ground level. At the same time, adhesive forces act at ground levels via the touching base spots of the wheels. The impacts of weight transfer are relative to the elevation of the CG from the ground. If a much flatter vehicle with a decreased CG was involved in racing, its handling would be much improved and velocity would be higher because weight transfer is not very extreme in comparis on with a much less flat vehicle. The measurement of inert friction is not precisely a constant. Under driving circumstances, numerous effects are used to decrease inert friction of an excellent autocross wheel to an estimated 1.10G (Beckman, 2002, p. 21). These outcomes are a refraction of the wheel, suspension motion, heat and the inflation compression. Nevertheless, the relativity law still stands sensibly true under these circumstances. When the vehicle is accosting, braking, or throttling at the edge, this implies that the adhesive parameters of the wheels can cause them to unload by the weight transfer’s shifting from sticking to sliding off the ground. Each time a vehicle tilts a little or gets a little sideways, the vehicle will most likely lose the race if the mistake is not made up through recovery of laps. Certain calculations formulas and elements can be used to determine the forces and inclinations vehicles and their drivers can make to succeed in a race. For ins tance, in order to make a right turn, a force indicating the right is obliged to act on the vehicle that steer it away from the unbent line it unsurprisingly attempts to pursue. Should the force remain steady, the vehicle will be inclined to move in a circular manner (Beckman, 2002, p. 29). Basic laws Basically, there are three laws that have to be agreed so as

Ps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ps - Essay Example My interest in Communication studies developed after I worked as a street cleaner volunteer in Hangzhou. During this time, I cleaned the streets and guided citizens and tourists through giving any information they needed about Hangzhou. With the example given, the British couple was quick with their questions and went on with their trip, while the American teenager conversed with me much longer. She did not want to go yet, until her friends arrived. She immediately introduced me as a â€Å"friend,† as if we have known each other for years. This interaction made me aware of my own culture and how conservative we can be in dealing with other cultural groups. I actually see myself as outgoing, but this American girl was an extrovert who loved learning about other people. I would have seen her questions about my job as not necessary, or even disrespectful, but the way she asked questions made me feel comfortable in answering them. She knew how to â€Å"connect† with me. Bec ause of her and other people I interacted with, I became curious of people’s communication approaches and behaviors. Why was this American girl so warm and open with me? How can I develop such a sociable communication style? These are some of the questions that bog my mind up to now, and I know that a Communication degree will help me answer these questions. Because of this work experience, I was able to interact with different people from diverse genders, religions, and cultures, and I realized how these factors greatly shape how people speak and interact with others. Who I am and who they are have an impact on our communication patterns, because together, we add to the context of our communication event. In addition, I learned how interesting communication is. I took communication for granted before because it seems to come so naturally, when in reality, it is not a natural process, because, for me, communication is a social product and a social process. I believe that comm unication has its individual elements too, such as the effect of personality on communication styles, but it has its environmental factors also. Thus, my work experience opened my mind to the complex and fascinating world of communication that I now want to pursue as my major. Prompt 2: I was fifteen when I was looking for my essay on Han culture, specifically our food culture. I already had it typed for our school paper, when I saw my father reading it. He said that he liked the sincerity of the writing and asked me who wrote it. He was impressed to know it was me, and it continues to be one of the happiest days of my life, knowing that my father appreciated my writing. Writing in Chinese is my forte. It is a part of me that flows naturally and with pride. I still have much to learn about English, but Chinese, as a first language, is easier for me to use to express my ideas, arguments, and emotions. The Chinese language is an important part of my Han identity, a way for me to becom e and to develop further as a Chinese and as a global citizen. To become a Chinese Han is to learn and to practice our Chinese language and cultural beliefs and practices. Though my parents are not utmost traditional Hans because of our modern Westernized lifestyle, we speak and write in our local language at home, school, and everywhere else. Some of our family members and neighbors already teach English as the first language for their children, but not in

Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq war - Essay Example Women, in particular, assailed by a series of unending attacks to their humanity and had to claw at what appears to be a hint of hope for survival. Class distinctions broke down and the formerly rich women adjusted to life’s painful realities that they had to live like the rest of the commoners. â€Å"Mass observation surveys conducted during 1941 found that many who advocated conscription believed it would force ‘idle rich girls’ to work.† (Smith, 1986, p. 215) The war demanded enormous manpower, not just in the armed forces, but also in industry. Millions of men joined the forces, which left many industries without a satisfactory workforce. The government realised that this shortfall had to be filled, approximately one and a half million workers were needed in munitions alone and it was vital to keep up the production of essential wartime machinery and equipment. The new realities faced by the women necessitated that they likewise take part in the war effort in any capacity they can. Most women had to leave their homes to work in a variety of occupations. The ‘Registration of Employment Order’ was introduced in the spring of 1941, forcing everyone to declare their existing work-based situation, which allowed the government to record the details of those that needed directing into vital war work. This encouraged approximately eighty-seven thousand women into work in the auxiliary services and munitions. However, there was still a shortage of people undertaking vital war work and, as a result of this, the government introduced the National Service Number Two Act in December 1941, which made the conscription of unmarried and childless women aged twenty to thirty mandatory. Many women had mixed feelings about this. They could be posted anywhere in the country, miles away from their families, often for the very first time. Some were pleased with the opportunity to escape and explore; others were unhappy about

Industrial Chemicals Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial Chemicals Company - Essay Example Also if the company should expand its existing business it should bring out new and varied products in the market. This is possible only through R&D. The R&D team of ICC keeps on conducting research to introduce new products in the market. R&D is also required in the company to produce chemicals with less cost in order to grab more markets. The R&D team in the bioprocess development produces the products that are used in the field of biotechnology. It also works in a unit that develops vehicles for the transfer of pharmaceutical products. The biological group of the R&D is actively involved in the development of pharmaceutical products. The basic strategy of the company is the production of chemicals and related products. In order to maintain better market share in the future the company should introduce better products according to the change in the market trend and requirements. (Q.2) Would operating unit control of our key R&D growth programs enhance or mitigate our chances of meeting our goals That is should R&D be organized as cost SBUs within each of the operating units What amount and type of R&D, if any at all, should be done at the corporate level SBU is also called Strategic Business Unit. ... ICC should definitely make R&D a strategic business unit as R&D is the core success factor of the company. If this is introduced as a specialized activity ICC can improve the profitability at an alarming rate. It is seen that at the corporate level a commercialization group operates to provide solutions on commercializing the new invention. The new invention based products are the actual driving force of ICC. Therefore a corporate team of senior executives must be formed in order to monitor its activities. (Q.3) I know there'll be pressure to level off our R&D spending across the company, including corporate R&D. We've got to make sure we get more for our money in terms of prioritizing those efforts to go after the most promising commercial opportunities if we're going to achieve our goals in biotechnology! How can we be sure we're prioritizing these efforts toward increased commercial success That is, how do we evaluate the effectiveness of both the R&D cost SBUs in the operating units and corporate-level R&D The company can be sure that it is prioritizing the biotechnology sector for commercial expansion if it gives specialized attention to the R&D activity in biotechnology. Mere research is not enough for the company. The researched and developed products and technology has to be commercialized for monetary prospects of the company. Especially the biotechnology sector is where new and improved developments are needed in terms of the market scenario. When the company can patent any product developed by them the profits will considerably increase. The research team should have to be made more specialized for the activity. (Q.4) How does the fact that ICC operates in several different countries affect the

Is Wal Mart Good For America Essay Example for Free

Is Wal Mart Good For America Essay The growth and dominance of Wal-Mart over the years has indeed turned it into an economy all its own. There is no single corporation in the world that has as much impact as Wal-Mart has, save perhaps for oil corporations, on any single domestic or even international economy. The volume of sales which Wal-Mart generates is enough to keep the rest of the world happily employed and is also enough to keep the consumerist population of the United States happy in their spending habits. Every single commodity manufacturer who is interested in surviving must be able to gain the good graces of Wal-Mart. The impact of Wal-Mart is such that it â€Å"has life-or-death decision over [almost] all the consumer goods industries that exist in the United States (Gereffi 2006). † This virtually unbridled power of the life or death of consumer goods industries, however, presents the question of whether or not Wal-Mart is indeed good for America. While it certainly does create jobs and sustains the consumer goods industries of America, it also has the same power of taking such benefits away and perhaps leaving the American economy in a far worse off situation than it is at the present. Wal-Mart has become so powerful that any shift in its purchasing and production policies will certainly result in some imbalance on a certain economy in the world. An example of the power of Wal-Mart is the fact that because of the immense volume of sales that Wal-Mart generates it is able to dictate where goods are to be manufactured in the world despite the fact that it is not a producer but simply a retail-chain. For a retail chain to be able to dictate to suppliers where they are to produce their items in order to be able to sell to Wal-Mart at a lower cost means that the retail chain has either a huge stake in the ownership of the supplier or buys so much from the supplier that it is able to dictate the price that it is willing to buy at and by doing so dictate where such goods are to be produced. In determining whether or not Wal-Mart is good for America, the basic economic principles of any market must be analyzed. Every market is governed by two basic forces, supply and demand. Wal-Mart is able to control both these forces because of the immense size that it has. It controls supply by deciding what items it chooses to retail. It also decides the demand for the item by pricing competitively. In its early years, Wal-Mart provided jobs for most Americans because a majority of the goods supplied were produced in the United States. With globalization and the theory of a flat world, other countries have become more competitive industrially and have now taken those production jobs that were previously held by Americans. The outsourcing of consumer goods industries to other countries can be theorized to have been created by the Wal-Mart demand for cheaper products from their suppliers. The problem with this scenario is that it creates unemployment for Americans who are the main buyers from Wal-Mart. In order to counteract this scenario, Wal-Mart must then reduce prices lower to meet the increasing lower income bracket of unemployed Americans who have lost their jobs because of the global production tilt to other countries. As this trend continues, it may be theorized that Wal-Mart will eventually strangle itself by driving the prices of goods down too much without protecting its major market which is the United States. The status of Wal-Mart, therefore, as either a boon or a bane for the American economy solely depends on whether or not it is willing to protect its major market which is the United States. Wal-Mart not only determines which consumer goods industries are to survive but also which economies are to benefit.

Should the UK Allow Medical Marijuana?

Should the UK Allow Medical Marijuana? Should Marijuana be Decriminalised and or Legalised for Health Reasons in the U.K? Research Plan Today most young people use some type of drug, even though they are illegal. According to Gov (2017) marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the last year and has been for over 15 years.   Marijuana originates from the cannabis sativa plant. It comes in a variety of forms such as dried plant leaves, flowers and oils which can be smoked or eaten. Better Health (2013) state that there is a chemical in cannabis called tetrahydrocannabinol (also known as THC); this is marijuana’s main mind-altering ingredient, which makes users feel high. THC is a psychoactive substance, which means that it travels in a person’s bloodstream to the brain. It disrupts the brain’s normal functioning and causes certain intoxicating effects. The fastest way to feel the effects of marijuana is to inhale the smoke, the effects are usually felt within minutes. The immediate sensations—increased heart rate, lessened coordination and balance and a â€Å"dreamy,† unreal stat e of mind—peak within the first 30 minutes. These short-term effects usually wear off in two to three hours, but they could last longer, depending on how much the user consumes and the potency of THC (Drug free world, 2018).   According to Addiction (2011), countries such as Finland, Israel and Portugal have all decriminalised marijuana. Portugal, view drug taking as a health issue rather than a criminal issue in the country. Instead of arrests, those found with drugs are sent to medical panels, consisting of a psychologist, social workers and legal advisor for appropriate treatment.   Around the world there are a growing number of countries where marijuana use is permitted and regulated for recreational purposes such as Amsterdam, Nevada and Colorado. Also, there is growth with pharmaceutical grade marijuana due to its acceptance for medicinal properties. 29 American states including Florida, Michigan and Arizona have legalised marijuana for medical reasons (Gov, 2018).    This essay will research and analyse five areas surrounding marijuana consumption to determine whether it should be decriminalised and/or legalised for medical reasons. This essay will investigate different societal perspectives: who uses it and why they use it.   The implications from both a legal and health perspective and whether the health benefits outweigh the risks all incorporated into the following questions. Societal and sociological implication of cannabis use Is the current legislation fair? What are the negative effects on health? What are the psychological causes of using marijuana? What are the benefits? The type of research undertaken will be key to the validity and accuracy of this document. To achieve this, three types of research will be explained and analysed. The first to be discussed is quantitative research. Quantitative research is factual, information gathered from statistics and numbers. For example, how many individuals consume marijuana regularly. This data specifies the actual number of users but does not clarify the reasons why. Primary research involves gathering new data that has not been collected before, such as, surveys using questionnaires or interviews with groups of people.   Secondary research involves gathering existing data that has already been produced. For example, researching the internet, newspapers and company reports. This essay will utilise this method as opposed to primary reserch due to the absence of an ethics panel at the college. The research carried out will look at statistics, legitimate websites, journal articles and newspapers; these along with further reading will be analysed and evaluated in an attempt to address the essay question with an unbiased viewpoint – despite potentially conflicting findings. Project timetable January 11-25 Decide topic; begin research; meet supervisor to discuss subject matter; finalise essay question. February 1-22 Continue research; analyse data. April 8-23 Compile information into essay format; final meeting with supervisor. May 9-14 Audit essay form a conclusion; evaluate; proof read and submit essay. The essay will endeavor to contain conflicting points to enable the reader to sum up their own conclusion. The information gathered and utilised will be obtained from reputable sources, along with the most recent government data and health statistics to ensure reliability and validity of the information. Health and safety will also be in mind while completing the essay. Regular breaks will be taken whilst using a computer to avoid the occurrence of visionary side effects and repetitive strain injury. Data will be reported accurately and contain references throughout to avoid plagiarism. Should Marijuana be Decriminalised and or Legalised for Medical Reasons in the U.K? Official statistics from Gov (2017) show that in 2016/17, 6.6% (around 2.2 million) of people aged 16 to 59 consumed marijuana. This has dropped since measurements began in 1996 (when the proportion was 9.4%). Since 2009/10 it has remained essentially stable at between 6 and 7 per cent. Out of the possible 2.2 million users, one million of these were 16-24-year olds. In addition to this, 34% of 16-24-year olds who consume marijuana claim to be frequent users. Its use is also more prevalent among men than women, in the 2017 survey 9% of men admitted to using marijuana compared with just 4.2% of women. Lastly, people living in deprived areas were more likely to be frequent drug users. A larger proportion (4.5%) of respondents who lived in deprived areas consumed marijuana frequently compared with those who lived in the least deprived areas (2.3%). Therefore, young working-class boys are the biggest consumers of marijuana. However, official statistics need to be treated with caution as they can be misleading and misinterpreted, not everyone who uses marijuana will give admission of their consumption. On the other hand, official statistics are useful in determining the changing rate of crime in certain areas over a period. In addition to this they can also help to highlight police bias and stereotyping. Interactionist Howard Becker (1963) cited in Hazeldine et al, (2016), attributed that the police label and target young working-class people as potentially criminal and frequently stop, search and arrest them. Meaning, it is more likely for young working-class boys to be found with possession. Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1961) suggested that adolescents form retreatist subcultures (drug gang) because they have failed in the opportunity structure of society (Haralambos et al, 2013). Although, this is a naà ¯ve explanation of drug misuse. Drug misuse is also common among successful middle-class professionals and not just failed criminals or gang members as suggested by Cloward and Ohlin. Also, interactionist Albert Cohen (1955) cited in Giddens and Sutton (2015) claims that working-class boys lack opportunities to succeed, largely due to cultural deprivation. Tension from status frustration is realised through the creation of a deviant subculture in which the values of society are reversed.   Like the interactionists view-point marxists argue that the exploitation and oppression from the capitalist’s system leads to feelings of alienation. Thus, encouraging drug consumption which leads to dangerous addictions. However, not everyone suffering alienation from the capitalist system turns to drugs (Browne et al, 2014). Marijuana has been classified as a Class B drug in the UK since 2008 and carries significant penalties associated with possession and production including a maximum prison sentence of 14 years (Legislation, 2018). Statistics from Gov (2017) show that in 2016 there were 99,779 seizures of cannabis in the U.K. According to Browne et al (2014) marxists argue that illegal drugs help to safeguard class inequalities by providing excuses for the police to criminalise the working-class by giving drug convictions; whereas, the ruling class are more likely to be let off with a slap on the wrist.   Interactionist Jock Young (1971) cited in Haralambos et al (2013) studied marijuana users in London. Young argued that police respond to marijuana users as dirty, scruffy deviants which consequently, pushes them into that role. They no longer feel a conventional part of society and so become more unconventional as a reaction. Marijuana has been placed in the same category as the dangerous drug Ketamine. Talk to Frank (2018) write that Ketamine is a powerful general anaesthetic and is used for operations on humans and animals. Ketamine temporarily paralyses the body and gives a ‘out of body’ near death experience which can cause hallucinations and bad ‘trips’. Overdose can result in a coma, respiratory failure and death. According to I the Office of National Statistics (2016) Ketamine was responsible for 160 deaths in 2016.   Furthermore, in the U.K alcohol comes top of the list in the most commonly used recreational drugs.   Alcohol is legal and widely available to adults over the age of 18 in the U.K. According to MPP (2018), marijuana is less toxic than alcohol, less addictive, less harmful to the body, and less likely to contribute to violent or reckless behaviour. Alcohol related car accidents are far more likely than marijuana related car accidents. In 2015, over 200 people were killed in a road collision involving a driver over the legal limit (Department of Transport, 2017). Alcohol is also connected to many long-term side effects such as high blood pressure, raised cholesterol, liver disease and cancers. Alarmingly, in 2016 there were 7,327 alcohol specific deaths (Official for National Statistics, 2016). Many online articles claim that marijuana cannot and is not responsible for any deaths due to overdose. However, Dr Robert Gable (2004) of the Psychology department of Clermont university, cited in Caulkins, Kilmer and Kleinman (2016), concluded from a review into marijuana that it may be responsible for two deaths of a direct overdose. While it may be factual that it is extremely rare to die from a marijuana overdose, it is an undeniable fact that nobody dies from a tobacco overdose. People do not smoke themselves to death, tobacco causes lung cancer, which is what causes death. So, in that same way marijuana can  kill people in the form of mental illnesses, suicide and in the form of a car accident while driving under the influence. In addition, there are also problems with consuming marijuana that is sold on the black market. It is often contaminated with toxic components which may cause more harm than the substance itself. Thus, a regulated legal supply can be contaminant free, pure and therefore safer as correct dosage can be prescribed. Many argue that legalisation for medicinal purposes could make cannabis more socially acceptable and so encourage use of the substance and other drugs alike which may be more dangerous. However, according to Cerda et al (2015) research has shown that countries which have already legalised marijuana for medical reasons like the US have not seen an upsurge in the numbers of individuals using it. Additionally, the NHS (2017) write that 10% of regular cannabis users become dependent. Despite this, many claim that marijuana does not have addictive properties and that individuals become addicted to the nicotine (which the marijuana is smoked with) and not the marijuana itself. While this may have some truth, withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, irritability and restlessness are all common among individuals who consume marijuana regularly making it difficult to quit. Correspondingly, if a person smokes marijuana with tobacco, there is also great risk of co ntracting tobacco-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease.   Although, this criticism has a contradictive element. Hartney (2018) points out that there are already many highly addictive medications currently being prescribed by doctors in the U.K which have more dangerous side effects than marijuana. One being Tramadol, according to Office for National Statistics (2016) Tramadol was responsible for the lives of 208 people in 2015. However, when consuming marijuana it is common for the user to inhale more smoke and hold it in longer than they would a cigarette, to maximise the effects. Like other addictive drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, individuals can develop a tolerance to marijuana. Therefore, individuals need to consume more and more to get the same effect (Drug Wise, 2017).   The mental consequences of marijuana use are equally severe. Marijuana smokers have poorer memories and mental aptitude than do non-users.   Baler et al (2014) state that recent studies on young adults who smoke marijuana, found abnormalities in the brain related to emotion, motivation and decision-making. Regular cannabis use from a young age can also  increase the risk of developing psychotic illness, such as schizophrenia. This is because the brain does not stop growing and forming connections until it is 25, and cannabis interferes with this process (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2018).   Although, this statement is a tricky one, According to Casarett (2015), a surprising number of people especially men will not seek professional help because they do not like the idea that they require help to manage their issues. This may be another reason why the vast majority of marijuana smokers are men. Some individuals report consuming marijuana helps relieve their depression and anxiety. It could be argued that they turn to marijuana to self-medicate as opposed to admitting to another individual, for example, a doctor that they cannot cope. In other words, individu als may have turned to marijuana to help with their psychological problems in the first place. Thus, the psychological issues were not created from consuming marijuana. Despite the negative, the harm and benefit of marijuana should depend on patient’s medical severity situation and needs; the addiction of marijuana trades off with the expected length of a patient’s life. If a situation is terminal, it could be argued that the benefits meaningfully outweigh the risks. According to the Behaviourist Model addictive behaviour is considered as learned. Therefore, the root to smoking marijuana is a psychological one. Albert Bandura’s (1961) cited in Gross (2015) social learning theory suggests that children learn social behaviour from observing a model. Children are four times more likely to smoke if their parents do (Ash, 2018). Additionally, individuals who smoke are also more likely to divulge further in recreational drugs such as marijuana. Some individuals may use marijuana to gain acceptance. A behaviour explained by psychologist B. F. Skinner (1948), cited in Eysenck (2012), through operant conditioning a person starts to smoke to gain the powerful reinforcement of peer approval.   The new smoker associates these positive feelings with smoking. Positive reinforces cause production of dopamine which provide the positive feelings and reward the behaviour. Thus, behaviour which is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated. Another psychological theory is Ivan Pavlov’s (1927) cited in Gross (2015) classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is realised when a specific stimulus causes a specific response. For example, individuals who regularly consume marijuana to relax and de-stress after work while watching the soaps, will start to associate relax time in front of the tv as a time to light up a joint. In this case, sitting in front of the television after work and watching the soaps (specific stimulus), can induce powerful cravings for marijuana (specific response) which can lead to relapse behaviours. It has been proven that chemicals found in marijuana can relieve pain in people living with illnesses like multiple sclerosis and arthritis. According to Goldacre (2013), scientific studies of the chemicals in marijuana, called cannabinoids, has led to two FDA-approved medications that contain cannabinoid chemicals in pill form in Canada, USA and some parts of Europe. Marijuana has also been effective at relieving some of the highly stressful side effects that emerge from chemotherapy treatment such as nausea and vomiting (Doweiko, 2015). According to Drug abuse (2017), there is also evidence to suggest that the marijuana chemical cannabidiol (CBD) can treat certain conditions such as childhood epilepsy, a disorder that causes a child to have violent seizures. Scientists in the US have been reproducing marijuana plants and making CBD in oil form for treatment purposes.   CBD oil has low levels of the mind-altering THC, making it unpopular for recreational use.   Nancy and Willard (2014) suggest that marijuana is used in a similar manner to alcohol. Most adults consume marijuana while socialising with friends or to relax after work. Some use marijuana for medical benefits, with others consuming marijuana for therapeutic purposes, such as, help to facilitate with falling asleep and to alleviate arthritis. Some advocates believe that marijuana can relieve stress, anxiety and depression. On the contrary, many argue that consuming marijuana can trigger anxiety and depression. In fact, it is true the THC is linked to feelings of paranoia and anxiety as it activates the amygdala area of the brain, which is responsible for fear. However, CBD counteracts such feelings from THC. Studies show that taking CBD on its own can lower – even eliminate anxiety (Gould, 2015). According to the American Cancer Society (2018), scientists reported that THC and other cannabinoids such as CBD slow growth and/or caused death in certain types of cancer cells growing in lab dishes. Studies on animals also suggest that certain cannabinoids slow growth and reduce the spread of certain forms of cancer. This essay has investigated various aspects of marijuana consumption – why people use it what are the consequences in regard to legislation and health. Many argue that marijuana has been put on a pedestal and falsely labelled a miracle drug. It is inevitable to say that there has been a lot of scaremongering and wishful thinking concerning marijuana consumption. However, there is not enough reliable evidence into the extent of how good or bad marijuana is for ones’ health.   Some evidence and findings are very controversial and contradict one another. For example, the claim that consuming marijuana can reduce the risk of certain cancers when it is a well-known fact that smoking in the first place is responsible for almost all lung cancers. Due to the insufficient amounts of reliable evidence more independent unbiased research needs to be carried out to fully determine the abilities and side effects of marijuana. In conclusion, based on the current evidence marijuana should be decriminalised in the U.K. individuals who are caught consuming marijuana and who may have an addiction should be helped and not punished and labelled a criminal. Correspondingly, marijuana should be made legal for medicinal purposes as it clearly carries benefits for some people. However, only if the benefits outweigh the risks. For example, if the individual has a possible life-threatening illness.   Moreover, advances in science, accompanied with further research into the current medications already available, (in the US) additional medications can be administered.   If the drug is as beneficial as some research suggests then science could be bordering major breakthroughs concerning marijuana, accepting and encouraging use further.      Reference List Addiction (2011). Decriminalized marijuana: Top 10 countries in the world. [online] Addictionblog.org. Available at: http://addictionblog.org/the-news/decriminalized-marijuana-top-10-countries-in-the-world/ (Accessed 21 Apr. 2018). American Cancer Society (2018). Marijuana and Cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html (Accessed 25 Apr. 2018). ASH (2018). Fact Sheets Archives Action on Smoking and Health. [online] Available at: http://ash.org.uk/category/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/ (Accessed 25 Apr. 2018). Baler, R, D., Compton, W, M. Volkow, N, D., Weiss, S, R, B. (2014) Adverse Health Effects on Marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine. 6 (4) Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1402309 (Accessed 2 Apr. 2018). Better health. (2013). Cannabis (marijuana). [online] Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/cannabis-marijuana (Accessed 28 Mar. 2018). Browne, K., Blundell, J., Law, P., Whaley, M. (2014) Sociology Crime and Deviance for A2 AQA. Cambridge: Polity Press Casarett, D. (2015) Stoned: A Doctors Case for Medical Marijuana. New York: Penguin. Caulkins, J, P., Kilmer, B., Kleinman, M. (2016) Marijuana Legalisation: What Everyone Needs to know. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford university Press Cerda, M., Feng, T., Galea, S., Hasin, D, S., Keyes, K, M., O’Malley, P, M., Pacula, R., Schulenberg, J., Wall, M. (2015) ‘Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys’. [online] The Lancet Psychiatry. 2 (7) Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(15)00217-5/abstract (Accessed 23 Apr. 2018) Department of Transport (2017) National Statistics. Statistical Release. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/635345/road-accidents-illegal-alcohol-levels-2015-final.pdf (Accessed 4 April. 2018). Doweiko, H, E. (2015) Concepts of Chemical Dependency. 9th edn. Stanford: Cengage Learning. Drug abuse (2017). Marijuana as Medicine. [online] Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine (Accessed 28 Mar. 2018). Drug Wise (2017) Promoting Evidenced-based information on Drugs, Alcohol and Tobacco. [online] available at: www.drugwise.org.uk/which-drugs-are-used-most/ (Accessed 2 April. 2018). Drug-Free World. (2018). Is Marijuana Medicine? Marijuana Affects Driving. [online] Available at: https://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/marijuana/medicine.html (Accessed 28 Mar. 2018). Eysenck, E, M. (2012) AS Level Psychology. 5th edn. East Sussex: Psychology Press Giddens, A. Sutton, P, W. (2015) Sociology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Polity Press. Goldacre, B. (2013) Bad Phama: How Medicine is Broken and How We Can Fix It. London: Harper Collins. Gould, J. (2015) international journal of science. Cannabis 4 Big Questions. 5 (25) [online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/525S18a (Accessed 25 Apr. 2018) Gov (2017). Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/17 Crime Survey for England and Wales. Home Office. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642738/drug-misuse-2017-hosb1117.pdf (Accessed 28 Mar. 2018). Gov (2018) Drug Penalties. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/penalties-drug-possession-dealing (Accessed 16 April. 2018) Gov (2018) Governing the States and Localities. State Marijuana Laws in 2018. [online] Available at: http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html (Accessed 2 April. 2018). Gross, R. (2015) Psychology the Science of Mind and Behaviour. 7th edn. London: Hodder Education. Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., Chapman, S. and Moore, S. (2013) Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 8th edn. London: Collins  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hartney, E (2018) The 10 Most Addictive Pain Killers. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/ten-most-addictive-pain-killers-22506 (Accessed 2 April. 2018). Hazeldine, A., Purcell, S., Renton, N., Rippin, F., Walker, A. (2016) A-Level Sociology. Newcastle: Elanders Ltd. Legislation (2018). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/contents [Accessed 17 Apr. 2018]. MMP (2018). Marijuana Is Safer Than Alcohol: Its Time To Treat It That Way MPP. [online] MPP. Available at: https://www.mpp.org/marijuana-is-safer-than-alcohol-its-time-to-treat-it-that-way/ (Accessed 18 Apr. 2018). Nancy, E, M., Willard, M, O. (2014) Drugs in an American Society: An Encyclopaedia of Politics, Culture and the Law. Massachusetts: ABC-Clio. NHS (2017) Cannabis: The Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/drugs/Pages/cannabis-facts.aspx (Accessed 2 April. 2018). Office for National Statistics (2016) Alcohol-Specific Deaths in the UK: registered 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2016 (Accessed 4 April. 2018). Office for National Statistics (2016) Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2016 registrations. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales/2016registrations#deaths-involving-selected-substances (Accessed 21 Apr. 2018) Royal College of Psychiatrists (2018). Cannabis and mental health. [online] Available at: https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/cannabis.aspx (Accessed 18 Apr. 2018). Talk to frank (2018). Ketamine | FRANK. [online] Available at: http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/ketamine (Accessed 18 Apr. 2018). Bibliography Adler, J, N., Colbert, J, A. (2013) Medicinal Use of Marijuana. The New England Journal of Medicine. [online] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMclde1300970 (Accessed 2 April.2018). Browns, D. (2018). A Marxist review of Capitalism and Drug Use. [online] Redrave.blogspot.co.uk. Available at: http://redrave.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/a-marxist-review-of-capitalism-and-drug.html (Accessed 18 Apr. 2018). Cancer Research (2018). Cannabis oil?. [online] Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/thread/cannabis-oil-4 [Accessed 31 Mar. 2018]. Cannabis Social Club. (2018). UK Cannabis Law. [online] Available at: http://ukcsc.co.uk/cannabis-law/ (Accessed 17 Apr. 2018). Christie, L. (2013). Which of these drugs is the most addictive and harmful, marijuana, alcohol, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin, or meth? [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/Which-of-these-drugs-is-the-most-addictive-and-harmful-marijuana-alcohol-ecstasy-cocaine-heroin-or-meth (Accessed 17 Apr. 2018). McLeod, S. (2015). Biological Psychology | Simply Psychology. [online] Simplypsychology.org. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html (Accessed 23 Apr. 2018). Peele, S. (2016). How Does Social Class Affect Drug Abuse? Articles Addictions | HealthyPlace. HealthyPlace. Available at: https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/articles/how-does-social-class-affect-drug-abuse/ (Accessed 17 Apr. 2018). United Patients Group. (2016). What are the best and healthiest ways to consume medical cannabis?. [online] Available at: https://unitedpatientsgroup.com/resources/methods-of-consumption (Accessed 17 Apr. 2018). Evaluation The essay introduction stated some clear figures of the trends of marijuana over the last few years and determined who in society is most likely to consume marijuana. On the contrary, the introduction failed to generate a definitive answer as to why young working-class boys are the biggest consumers of marijuana, due to the absence of primary research. However, links to sociological theories supported the results that young working-class boys are the biggest consumers of marijuana. The research within the essay was obtained from a wide range of reputable sources with the most recent information available. As discussed, due to the absence of primary research there was not an opportunity to examine the reasons on a more personal level as to why young working-class boys choose to consume marijuana when evidence portrayed from the UK government suggest that it can lead to psychological issues and can cause certain types of cancers. The data researched and presented was analysed and evaluated where possible; official statistics from legitimate sources are generally accepted as reliable and informative in their own right. In addition, further relations to sociological theories along with psychological theories strengthened the conclusions of certain studies. In comparison, due to the lack of reliable sufficient unbiased research, there could have been further analysis into the government’s role.   With the recent claims that marijuana has certain cancer killing properties along with many other health benefits, the government should be aiming to provide newly found definitive answers concerning the risks and gains of marijuana. The conclusion acknowledged that the lack of reliable and thorough research into the strengths and weaknesses of using marijuana has influenced the answer to the question; that it should be decriminalised and legalised on the grounds of medicinal use only if the benefits outweigh the risks. However, the conclusion is based only on the research analysed within the essay. Due to a limited word count further research and analysis which may have had an influence on the overall conclusion may have been missed. Thus, the conclusion is relevant to the findings within the essay however, additional and future research may lead to a different prognosis.

Motivating Students Essay -- Persuasive, Classroom

I believe a classroom should be a sanctuary of learning in which the students know from the beginning what is expected of them and the teacher should discuss what is expected of her as a teacher. There needs to be an understanding amongst all involved with the children education. This understanding can lead to a fun filled adventurous classroom that encourages students to strive for the best. I believe when students and teachers are able to learn from each other, the learning environment can be successful. A successful classroom involves having an effective educator who believes they can make a difference in their students’ lives by believing in themselves as productive teachers. For a teacher to be effective, I believe they need to base their teaching on a foundation that will allow them to set goals for their students, as well as for themselves. My philosophy of education is based on the beliefs of Jean Piaget (1896-1980) cognitive theory of development. Piaget believe that children learn through discovery, manipulating objects, and interacting with other people, places, and things (Morrison, 2007, p. 112).Piaget surmised that children learn through actively interacting with their environments, and learn through actively interacting with their environments (Parkay and Stanford, 2010, p. 290). In my classroom, there are students with diverse learning styles and in order for me to reach these students as individuals; I have to implement lessons that will enable all of them to learn who they are as individuals and as a group. Through this learning they are able to construct their own understanding. I also believe that children should be given every opportunity to discover who they are as individuals and use language to talk or exp... ...and objects. †¢ Preoperational—provide toys and materials for pretend play; provide materials for arts and crafts; provide many concrete learning materials and activities; and provide many developmentally appropriate language opportunities involving speaking, listening, reading, and writing (p.116). During early childhood stages, children learn basically the same skills, but at different times in their life. They learn how to use their gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language, and social emotional skills at different developmental stages. By providing students a safe, caring environment that supports their learning, they are able to explore their environment, discover new concepts, and interact with their peers. I believe when students are provided an environment to learn and develop understanding, they have the ability to grow into caring, productive adults.

The Significance of Religion in Hamlet Essay -- Hamlet Essays

Summary -The tragedy of Hamlet is one of the most important of Shakespeare’s plays and one that is published and performed as part of the rainbow of world literature. This paper investigates the role of religion for the characters and their actions, and presents a new interpretation using religion to understand the characters’ motives. The paper concludes that although Christianity is the main influence on Hamlet, Shakespeare also used Grecian religious symbols. Hamlet suffered from a psychological shock, then re-evaluated the events around him in light of his religious views. Hamlet reveals how Shakespeare used his ability in rhetoric to create a religious message about the church and re-created the values of right and wrong according to his own view. ******************************************************************************** Undoubtedly, it is difficult to find free space in the land of the battle which thousands of horses’ hooves have crushed; similarly, when researching Hamlet, one finds a plethora of papers in diverse fields including philosophy, religion, feminism, literature, psychology, culture, and history covering a wide range of aspects of the play. This study examines the function of religion for the people and events of Hamlet, offering a different perspective on the characters’ motives. The essay begins with a summary of the play, and then discusses the characters, especially the protagonist, to elicit the influence of religion. The central questions which this paper will address are: Are the characters ‘believers’? Was the main protagonist, Hamlet, a believer? Is faith given a positive or negative value in the play? To what extent does religion help us to illustrate and understand the play’s events? Was ... ...: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Available from: http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=irM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22+that+the+night-wandering+demons,+who+rejoice+in+dunnest+shades,+at+the+crowing+of+the+cock+tremble+and+scatter+in+sore+affright.%22%22&source=bl&ots=6S_hg403jd&sig=lBs136cVBCxXXStXAmQQTt9AxRk&hl=ar&ei=QnfQS7T4I4v3-Aap6YA0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22%20that%20the%20night-wandering%20demons%2C%20who%20rejoice%20in%20dunnest%20shades%2C%20at%20the%20crowing%20of%20the%20cock%20tremble%20and%20scatter%20in%20sore%20affright.%22%22&f=false [accessed 20 April - 2015] Voss, P. 2002 'Assurances of Faith: How Catholic was Shakespeare? How Catholic are his Plays?' Crisis 20, No. 7 (July/August), pp. 34-39. It is available from: http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/arts/al0147.html [Accessed 24 April 2015]

Tuesdays with Morrie Essay -- essays research papers

At first glance, the movie, Tuesdays With Morrie, appeared to be a movie about an ex-student learning a final lesson about life from his dying ex-professor. But, as the movie progressed, I felt it was actually a movie about two dying men. Morrie, the old professor, was in the final stages of ALS and physically dying. Mitch, the former student was a commitment-phobic living an unfulfilled life and spiritually dying. Spiritual death is reversible, so Mitch tried to gain some of the wisdom and learn some of the lessons that Morrie had already learned in his happily fulfilled life. On the other hand, physical death is irreversible and Morrie realized that his time was growing short. He had concerns, such as becoming increasingly dependent on others, that he wanted to discuss. Most importantly, he wanted to teach the world one final lesson on "The Meaning of Life" and he needed Mitch to be his messenger. For fourteen weeks, Morrie and Mitch discussed life and how it should be l ived. Topics included issues concerning love, commitment, forgiveness, family, and regrets. By the time Morrie died, they had helped each other transition to a new life. Their discussions changed Mitch’s life. Before the weekly lessons with Morrie, he appeared to be terrified of love and commitment. He was also afraid of displaying affection like kissing, touching, hugging or crying. He broke promises to Janine, didn’t save a lot of time for her, and was basically str... Tuesdays with Morrie Essay -- essays research papers At first glance, the movie, Tuesdays With Morrie, appeared to be a movie about an ex-student learning a final lesson about life from his dying ex-professor. But, as the movie progressed, I felt it was actually a movie about two dying men. Morrie, the old professor, was in the final stages of ALS and physically dying. Mitch, the former student was a commitment-phobic living an unfulfilled life and spiritually dying. Spiritual death is reversible, so Mitch tried to gain some of the wisdom and learn some of the lessons that Morrie had already learned in his happily fulfilled life. On the other hand, physical death is irreversible and Morrie realized that his time was growing short. He had concerns, such as becoming increasingly dependent on others, that he wanted to discuss. Most importantly, he wanted to teach the world one final lesson on "The Meaning of Life" and he needed Mitch to be his messenger. For fourteen weeks, Morrie and Mitch discussed life and how it should be l ived. Topics included issues concerning love, commitment, forgiveness, family, and regrets. By the time Morrie died, they had helped each other transition to a new life. Their discussions changed Mitch’s life. Before the weekly lessons with Morrie, he appeared to be terrified of love and commitment. He was also afraid of displaying affection like kissing, touching, hugging or crying. He broke promises to Janine, didn’t save a lot of time for her, and was basically str...

Anatomy Quiz Unit 3

1. Match the following chemical terms with their definition: (Points : 15) Answer | | Potential Matches: | : Proton| | 1 : Molecule that dissociates in water to form individual ions, ionic compound |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Neutron| | 2 : Chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases maintaining a relatively stable pH |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Atomic mass| | 3 : Has lost electrons; indicated by a positive sign, as in Na+ |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Element| | 4 : Non-charged particle in nucleus |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Molecule| | 5 : When acids and bases mix and form salts |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Compound| | 6 : Alkaline | Water molecules| | 7 : Positively charged particle in nucleus |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Base| | 8 : Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Acid| | 9 : Double sugar made up of two monosaccharide units |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Neutralization| | 10 : Function is to store energy for later use M. |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Buffers| | 11 : A group of atoms bound together in a group |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Disaccharide| | 12 : Opposite of base | : Carbohydrates| | 13 : Number of protons in the nucleus; determines the type of atom |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Electrolyte| | 14 : Dissociate to form equal amounts of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Positive ion | 15 : A pure substance, made up of only one kind of atom | | 2. Microscopic View of Skin. Type the number in the empty box that corresponds with the appropriate letter in the diagram. (Points : 15) Answer | | Potential Matches: | : Epidermis| | 1 : k | : dermis| | 2 : h | : subcutaneous fatty tissue| | 3 : g | : hypodermis| | 4 : e | : sweat gland| | 5 : r | : arrector pili muscle| | 6 : n | : Pacinian corpuscle| | 7 : l | : cutaneous nerve| | 8 : c | : papilla of hair| | 9 : b | : hair follicle| | 10 : p | : sebaceous| | 11 : j | : oil gland| | 12 : d | : Meissner's corpuscle| | 13 : a | : dermal papilla| | 14 : i | stratum germinativum| | 15 : m | : stratum corneum| | 16 : o | : hair shaft| | 17 : f | : openings of sweat glands| | 18 : q | | 3. General Characteristics of a Cell. Type the number in the empty box that corresponds with the appropriate letter in the diagram. (Points : 15) Answer | | Potential Matches: | : centrioles| | 1 : a | : flagellum| | 2 : n | : free ribosomes| | 3 : e | : mitochondrion| | 4 : h | : nuclear envelope;| | 5 : c | : nucleus| | 6 : j | : nucleolus| | 7 : l | : ribosomes| | 8 : o | : cilia| | 9 : f | : smooth endoplasmic reticulum| | 10 : k | : rough endoplasmic reticulum| | 11 : m | : plasma membrane| | 12 : i | lysosome| | 13 : d | : cytoplasm| | 14 : b | : golgi apparatus| | 15 : g | | 4. Type the number in the empty box that corresponds with the appropriate term for the statements(s) listed below. (Points : 5) Answer | | Potential Matches: | : Which glands secrete oil, or sebum, for hair and skin? | | 1 : Epidermis |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : These glands work throughout the body, helping to regulate body heat. | | 2 : Sebaceo us glands |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Hair growth requires epidermal, tubelike structure called _____. | | 3 : Hair follicles |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : The outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin is _____. | | 4 : Eccrine sweat glands | | |

Management of People at Work

Social Inventions of groups of people working to achieve their goals 2. Goal Accomplishment- Individual assembled to achieve goals that cannot be done by one man alone 3. Group Effort– By combining as a team, they can thus work efficiently to achieve goals What is Organizational Behavior? Attitudes and behaviors of individual and group in organizations. Involves systematic study of these attitudes and behaviors, and should be of interest to all students of management Why study ABHOR? 1. It is interesting 2. It Is Important as It helps us be more efficient .Makes a difference because good companies are the one practicing It ABHOR goals 1. Predicting People's Behavior – Predicting what people wants to do in work life 2. Explaining Behavior- Explain why people work in different way 3. Managing it- The art of getting things accomplished via others. If It can be predicted, It can be managed Early Prescription 2 phases to pursue correct way to manage organization 1. Sass, man agers believe high specialization of labor, intensive coordination, centralized decision making to solve issue (Classical View- Authoritative) 2.Hawthorne Studies ?Human relations movement was critique of classical management and bureaucracy that advocated management styles that were more participative and oriented toward employee needs (Participative) Contingency Approach This approach recognize there Is no best method depends on situation- No best method What Managers do? 1. Managerial Roles vary with management level and organizational technology 2. Interpersonal Roles- Roles that are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relations. Figurehead roles and spokesperson roles 3. Decisional Roles- Makes decision and the negotiator roleManagerial Activities 1. Routine communications (Exchange Info, handle paperwork with people) 2. Traditional Management (Planning, Decision Making) 3. Networking (Socializing, politicking) 4. Human Resource Management (Managing Conflict, Staffing, training and development) One of the most fascinating findings is how emphasis on these various activities relates to management success. People who promote faster tends to do more networking and less human resource management. However, if success is successful managers are those who devote more time and effort to human resource management and less networking.Managerial Agendas Successful Managers has similar patterns via – Agenda Setting, Networking and Agenda 1 . Agenda Setting- Managers tend to develop agendas of what they want to accomplish for organization. Usually Informal unwritten, more concerned with ‘people issues' and less numerical than most formal strategic plans 2. Networking- Managers established wide formal and informal network of key people inside and outside of organization to ensure cooperation inside and outside. 3. Agenda implementation- Managers use networks to implement agendas. They will go anywhere to obtain assistance. Managerial MindsIntuitio n- Problem identification and solve issues in a systematic manner International Managers- National Culture is one of the most important contingency variables with more ideas Contemporary Management Concerns 1. Diversity Local and Global-With more diversity, people need to be treated fairly and equally so that issues can be solved 2. Employee- Organization Relationship – Downsizing, Restructuring engineering have been having lots of consequences of employees, lower Job satisfaction, lower morale, trust ETC. ABHOR states its important that managers can manage these issues positively 3. Focus on quality, Speed andFlexibility – Increasing competition states Organizations have to do things faster because there is a greater need for quality, speed and flexibility to maintain standard 4. Employee Recruitment and Retention- Organizations find it difficult to sustain skilled employees in their workforce. Lack of skilled labor is a big issue for organizations and its expected to get worse as baby boomers begin to retire. Recruitment process then has to be more effective to find these employees Personality and Learning Personality – Stable set of psychological characteristic that influence the way individual interact with his or her environment.It is reflected in the way people react to other people, situations and problems. Personality and Organization behavior Individuals possess stable traits or characteristic. Interactions approach, ABHOR is a function of dispositions and situation. 5 Factor model of Personality Extroversion/Neurotics/Agreeableness/Conscientiousness/Openness to Experience Evidence state that big 5 is related to Job performance. High conscientiousness is related to performance for all occupations and the best predictor of performance of all big 5. It is also related to motivation, Job satisfaction and career success Locus ofControl- Beliefs that one's behavior is controlled by external force or internal Self Monitoring- Attitude o f being aware of surrounding or not -High self monitors tend to be more involved in Jobs and to perform at a higher level. These Jobs usually includes sales, law, public relations and politics Self Esteem by surroundings. Higher Self Esteem tend to view world more optimistically. Proactive Personality- Positive affectively tends to report world as having less stress Greater Self-Efficacy – Trait that refers to individual belief that in his own capability to do well regardless of situation.They tend to have higher Job satisfaction, higher Job performance. Core Self Evaluation- Self Esteem/Self-Efficacy/Locus of control/ neurotics What is Learning? When practice or experience leads to a permanent change in behavior. We assume that learning has occurred when individual behavior change. 4 types- Practical/ Interpersonal/elementariness/Cultural Awareness 4 types -Job Specific Skills/ Knowledge/ Technical Competence Operant Learning Theory- Subjects learns to operate on environment to achieve certain consequences. Operant Leaning can be used to increase or reduce probability of behavior Increasing the Probability of BehaviorPromoting behavior is reinforcement?By which Stimuli strengthen behaviors. 2 Behaviors are – Positive reinforcement/Negative reinforcement Positive Reinforcement- Increase or maintain probability of some behavior, this sends to be pleasant stimuli Negative Reinforcement- Increase or maintains probability of some behavior by removing them in the situation. Tends to be unpleasant experience Organizational Errors Involving Reinforcement 1. Confusing Rewards with Reinforces – Stating why rewards are given clearly 2. Neglecting Diversity in Preference for Reinforces -Provide the right benefits-Workaholic may not like holidays 3. Neglecting Important sources of reinforcement – Feedback is good to let people know how well or bad they have done 4. Reinforcement strategies Reducing Probability of Behavior 1. Extinction- Limitin g bad attitudes e. G- shorter breaks etc 2. Punishments – Provide punishment deduct pay etc 3. Using punishments effectively?Make sure punishment is truly aversive/punish immediately/do not reward behaviors before/after punishments 4. Do not punish desirable behavior Punishments can be effective to stop unwanted behavior and hence extinguish unwanted response.Reinforcing good behaviors is better than punishing bad behaviors Social Cognitive Theory Human behavior can be best explained through system of triadic reciprocal . Albert Bandeau social cognitive theory involves 3 parts 1. Modeling – Copying others behavior, some can learn by copying others 2. Self-Efficacy- beliefs people have on their ability to successfully perform the task. 3. Self-regulation- Regulating oneself 1. Organizational behavior modification – Systematic use of learning principles – Can use all 3, money positive feedback to improve returns 2. Employee RecognitionProgram – Publi cly recognize employees- how to recognize, type of behavior encouraged, manner of public acknowledgement, token of recognition 3. Training program – Positive effect on learning, skills and Job behaviors help to set goals when rewards sanctions used in trainees work environment 4. Career Development – Individual progress through a series of stages which involves certain plans and management component. Perception- Interpreting messages of our sense to provide order and meaning of environment. Most important perception that influence organizational behavior are the perceptions of each other Components ofPerception 1. Perceiver – Experience/motives/emotions can affect perception 2. Target – Ambiguity or lack of target leads of greater need of interpretation of information 3. Situation 1. Social Identity Theory?People form perceptions of themselves based on characteristics based on gender, religion, nationality, religion etc. 2. Model of the Perceptual Process – Initially less cues of information from the target but as time passes, it becomes clearer and easier to decipher messages 3. Basic Biases in Person A. Primary Regency Effect – Form impressions of others fairly quickly. We tend to read a lot into first impressions.B. Reliance on Central Traits- We read into others behavior based on their initial impressions C. Implicit Personality Theories- We organize our perceptions of others around the presence of certain traits or personal characteristics of others that are particular interest to us D. Projection?If we are always honest, people tend to believe we are honest E. Stereotype- Putting players into a certain category to Judge their behavior (Page 13) 1. Consistency Cues- How consistent to his goals 2. Consensus Cues- How his actions deviate from social expectations tell us more about his behavior 3. Distinctiveness Cues- How

Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage

Business Advantage 2 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Whether it is called intuition or just good judgment, the ability to perceive and to use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power and the skill to be more successful. T. S. Eliot wrote in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, â€Å"There will be time, there will be time / To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. † Perhaps he meant that those in business must be prepared in such a way as to make their face agree with the message that the consumer expects to receive.The communication experts agree that when two people have a face-to-face conversation only a small fraction of the total message they share is actually contained in the words they use. A portion of the message is contained in the tone of voice, accent, speed, volume, and inflection. However, approximately 93 percent of it is understood through nonverbal communication behaviors (Source needed). The c ombination of gestures, postures, facial expressions, and even clothing can support or interfere with the verbal messages that a person delivers.The importance of nonverbal cues in the business world has not been studied extensively, but it only makes sense that it can have a strong impact on any communication within or outside the business realm. For instance, selling is an area where the nonverbal actions can make or break a deal. People are unlikely to want to buy from a sales person who refuses to make eye contact, who has poor posture, who lacks energy, and who seems unconvinced about the products and services represented. The importance of nonverbal communication in conjunction with appropriate verbal skills can make a difference to the success of a business transaction.Therefore, this paper will Business Advantage 3 examine nonverbal communication as an important and integral component for business organizations and will determine nonverbal cues that are beneficial for succes sful business interactions. The ability to perceive and use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power to be successful. Nonverbal communication includes any part of the body used by a person to send a message to another person. A person’s dress, attitude and movements are all contributions to personal business transactions.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationThese cues can help a business owner get the message across or be able to correctly interpret a message received from a customer. Often the nonverbal messages express true feelings more accurately than the actual words. A study by Fatt (1998), notes that any communication in interpersonal relationships is insufficient with just mere words (p. 1). Consequently, he states, â€Å"Nonverbal communication thus becomes the yardstick against which words and intentions are measured† (p. 1). The most common use of nonverbal communication in business has been in marketing research.It is used t o determine consumers’ attitudes towards new products. For example, executives watching a focus test group pay more attention to the nonverbal cues of the group. They are able to more closely identify the test group’s true feelings by observing their body language, facial expressions and eye contact. Facial expressions especially are particularly helpful as they can show hidden emotions that contradict their verbal statements (Remland, 1981, p. 18). Additionally, in business settings, the way one is viewed affects his transactions. Martin Remland (1981) writes that as much as 90 percent of a manager’s time is spentBusiness Advantage 4 communicating with others face-to-face (p. 2). Therefore, business people especially managers have to present themselves as a complete package that includes knowledge of their products, appropriate dress, and adequate use of nonverbal behaviors that depicts sincerity and trustworthiness. Nonverbal behavior is a major component of p ower perception in a business setting. Within a business, the main function of nonverbal communication is to facilitate relationships. Organizations have two major sectors—management and staff—who are usually at odds with each other.According to Aguinis and Henle (2001), â€Å"The effective use of power and the perceptions of one’s power by subordinates, peers and superiors are critical determinants of managerial and organizational success† (p. 537). In this study on perception of power bases, Aquinis and Henle used three specific nonverbal behaviors—eye contact, facial expression, and body posture (p. 538). They defined power as the â€Å"potential of an agent to alter a target’s behavior, intentions, attitude, beliefs, emotion, or values† (p. 538). They also used French and Raven’s power taxonomy that includes five types (p. 538).The first is reward power that means the target believes he can get â€Å"something† from the agent. Second is the coercive power where the target thinks the agent can and will punish him. The third power is legitimate power where the target must obey what the agent requests. Referent power is the need for the target to be associated with the agent. Lastly, the expert power is the target’s belief that the agent is very knowledgeable. Using these definitions of power in vignettes, Aguinis and Henle manipulated one employee’s nonverbal behavior while asking a second employee to rate the power base.Business Advantage 5 They found that direct eye contact and a relaxed facial expression increased perception of power except for coercive power. Body posture had no effect at all. There are other less sophisticated indicators that also signify status. These include behaviors and appearance cues such as clothing, age, gender, and race. In a study by Mast and Hall (2004), the accuracy of judging other people’s status based on behavioral and appearance cues was investigated. They found that only one cue was used to determine if a woman was in higher status.That was a downward head tilt. In males, the observers used both formal dress and a forward lean (p. 161). Mast and Hall also indicated that erect posture was not indicative of status in their research (p. 161). Communication experts agree that in face-to-face communication 93 percent of the message is nonverbal and only seven percent is in the actual words which is absolutely necessary to understand in a business setting. Garside and Kleiner (1991) state, â€Å"This implies that what we say is not as important as how we say it† (p. 26).Today’s businesses need employees who are not only knowledgeable in their field but who also have exceptional interpersonal skills. It is understood that most successful executives prefer verbal communication because it allows them to read body language and to hear tone of voice. Fatt (1998) believes that knowledge of nonverbal processes of communication can improve business success. According to Fatt, â€Å"†¦face-to-face communication, which is heavily weighted with nonverbal information stimulates the greatest number of senses, and provides more complete information than any other mode† (p. ). Business Advantage 6 Since knowledge of nonverbal processes can enhance business success, it is important to recognize and use appropriate nonverbal cues. The first of these is face-to-face communication which provides immediate feedback that allows the business person to modify one’s approach to meet the needs of each encounter. In a research study by Graham, Unruh, and Jennings (1991), they gathered information on the importance of nonverbal feedback to accurate assessments in business transactions.Their findings indicated that nonverbal communication was important to all surveyed and showed that most relied on facial expressions for accurate information. Their recommendations for businesses included, â₠¬Å"†¦paying more attention to nonverbal cues, engaging in more eye contact, and probing for more information when verbal and nonverbal cues are discrepant† (p. 60). One way to do so is through reinforcement behavior that demonstrates approval or disapproval. Also, response-matching is a way in which the business person uses a similar style of speech, posture, or gestures.Thirdly, accommodation is a way of adjusting to personal styles of those involved. It involves â€Å"issues of territoriality, dominance and/or submissiveness, and intimacy† (Fatt, 1998, p. 5). Professionals must use this feedback to note the body language to modify and adjust to the receiver’s behaviors. Another factor to consider is that face-to-face also allows a portion of the message to be contained in vocal elements. These include tone of voice, speed, volume and inflection (Graham et al. , p. 58). Establishing rapport is also a valuable result of face-to-face communication.Rapport is essential in building good business relations with customers and co-workers. It helps Business Advantage 7 to communicate understanding and acceptance of the other person. There are behaviors that greatly contribute to establishing a personal relationship. These include: a sincere smile, a relaxed open stance, a slight lean towards the other person, and maintained eye contact. Mirroring is a very useful technique that can send as well as receive subtle nonverbal messages. In order to mirror another person, it is necessary to match their rate of breathing, speak at the same rate of speech and in their tone of voice.It is also necessary to assume a similar posture and body language to confirm rapport and a comfortable environment. According to Fatt, â€Å"A salesperson who mirror customer’s behavior well and out of a sincere desire to communicate or to be of service usually established a strong rapport with a customer† (p. 6). A business person also utilizes information from nonverbal sources to overcome any barriers to communication with clients. Effective communication is an important aspect of management and sales positions.By decoding nonverbal behaviors, business people can increase their knowledge and understanding of what the client desires. In the first initial contact first impressions can affect both sides of the business transaction. Therefore, a a person who displays confidence has a great advantage in developing rapport and trust with business associates. One’s ability to signal trustworthiness is a significant result of knowledge of nonverbal communication. In a research study conducted by Wood (2006), the findings were that â€Å"nonverbal signals are a particularly important mode of communication between the sender and receiver† (p. 02). Wood also stated that there is an â€Å"importance of the immediate encounter between salespeople and Business Advantage 8 customers. During the first encounter, these nonverbal signa ls are sought out, perceived, and used by customers in their assessment of the trustworthiness of salespeople† (p. 202). Therefore, by using and focusing on nonverbal techniques, the business person can give signals of trustworthiness. Additionally, Wood found that for salespeople all nonverbal signals have a significant impact on the customers (p. 202).Along with confidence, the business person must have an adequate knowledge of reading nonverbal signals. For those with confidence, this type of communication is very natural and they give little thought to it. They greet customers and associates with a firm handshake that send a statement about their confidence. In addition, unflinching eye contact is a sign of frankness and interest which are both essential to sway and sell. David Morand (2001) presented research that suggested management also needed to be able to appraise emotional expressions of customers.He stated, â€Å"Sensing others’ emotional states is obviousl y a skill central to the whole notion of interpersonal communicative competency† (p. 23). He found that it was essential for â€Å"managers to have the ability to decode messages sent by others, specifically focusing on messages existing at a nonverbal emotional level† (p. 23). There are also nontraditional uses of nonverbal communication in the business setting. For instance, the business facility makes a visible statement that reflects its own perceptions. It makes a visible statement about its culture and the way business is done at that facility.One example of this is the head-quarters of Bank of America. It is a very dark, large structure that looms over all the other buildings near it. This sends a powerful message of the perceptions of their company image (Fatt, 1998, p. 2). Larson and Kleiner Business Advantage 9 (2004) claim, â€Å"A company with a strong culture and a lot of pride in itself will typically reflect that pride through its physical environmentâ⠂¬  (p. 2). Additionally, the office furnishings give more information to customers. The furniture of employees gives clues as to the status of that person in the company.If one is on the bottom of the work hierarchy, there probably would be a small, cheaply-made desk with a small chair. The next class would add arms to the chair and some other piece of furniture. Management would have larger desks, a bookshelf and a table. Finally, the top executives would have plush carpeting and a sofa in addition to what those below had (p. 2). Included in the physical aspects of a business is the office environment. Businesses that are more open with very few walls rely on constant communication. They send the message that there are few barriers to communication.They physical aspects of a business help customers to gain insight into the organization and to the people who work within it (Larson & Kleiner, p. 3). Another nontraditional use of nonverbal communication in the business setting is th rough the use of computers with growing online businesses. Online businesses are at a disadvantage without the assistance of nonverbal interactions. However, according to Timothy Bickmore (2004), there is a huge need for programs that recognize and receive nonverbal signals in order to increase sales volume (p. 9). In addition, many companies are utilizing text messaging and instant messaging for customer assistance. Qiu and Benbasat (2005) investigated advancement for programming to develop a trust relationship since this medium is void of any nonverbal signals (p. 75). They state, â€Å"With the help of emerging multimedia technologies, companies can now use computer- Business Advantage 10 generated voice and humanoid avatars to embody customer service representatives, thus enriching the interactive experiences of their customers† (p. 75).Bickmore adds, â€Å"Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are animated humanoid computer characters that emulate face-to-face conversat ions through the use of hand gestures, facial display, head motion, gaze behavior, body posture, and speech intonation† (p. 39). However, Bickmore also states, â€Å"There is no cookbook defining all of the rules for human face-to-face interaction that human-computer interface practitioners can simply implement† (p. 44). Until ECAs are fully functioning, companies should continue with the proven face-to-face interactions to improve sales volume.Because businesses try to eliminate unnecessary travel and expenses, they are utilizing such mediums as videoconferencing. Even though videoconferencing can replace business meetings, there are disadvantages. The immediate feedback that comes with face-to-face contains cues from the facial expression, voice inflection, and gestures is often not as effective with videoconferencing. For instance, Bekkering and Shim (2006) state, â€Å"With a slow signal, it may appear to the viewer that the speaker hesitates, and hesitation in ans wering is generally considered to be a sign of dishonesty† (p. 105).Another concern is that the camera used can be manipulated to improve one’s advantage such as making one appear taller and giving more influence over the meeting. A third concern involves turn-taking cues. â€Å"In face-to-face conversations, participants alternate speaking and listening by using an intricate mechanism of verbal and nonverbal cues† (p. 105). These researchers go on to say that in videoconferencing one gives up eye contact because it is distorted by separation of screen and camera (p. 105). This infers Business Advantage 11 that perhaps the speaker is being deceptive, and, thus, there is a lack of trust.Therefore, business people will find face-to-face communication a better source of feedback as well as a better rapport builder. Ralph Waldo Emerson said, â€Å"What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say† (Inspirational Quotes). This has never been truer than in today’s business world. There is a vital link between nonverbal communication and business success. Because of this, body language and other nonverbal cues are communication tools that are too powerful to be ignored. Nonverbal communication can enhance a business person’s powers to persuade while removing any communication barriers with clients.It can improve relationships between the work hierarchies, thus changing the work atmosphere to be more productive. Additionally, it can serve in a nontraditional manner where the business facility itself makes a statement about the company image. The uses of understanding nonverbal communication in a work environment are endless. Therefore, there is still a definite need for training in this area for all employees of a business. This training would complete the business person’s package that includes required knowledge of the business represented, charisma, and employability skills.In conclusion, since effective comm unication is based on skills, and skills can be learned, then communication abilities can be improved in the business environment. It is an integral part of hearing what is said in a business transaction. Business Advantage 12 References Aguinis, H. , & Henle, C. (2001). Effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employee’s power base. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 537-549. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (6002448). Bekkering, E. , & Shim, J. P. (2006). i2i Trust in videoconferencing. 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Developing leadership skills in nonverbal communication: A situational perspective. Journal of Business Communication, 18(3), 18-29. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (5765673). Wood, J. A. (2006). NLP revisited: nonverbal communications and signals of trustworthiness. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 26(2), 197-204. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from EBSCOhost database (6456374). Business Advantage 1 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Wesley George Nonverbal Communication Dr. Lynn Meade Apr il 27, 2007